6 Fattori di rischio

Segreteria Organizzativa e Coordinamento Generale

Pierrel Research Italy
Via Alberto Falck, 15
20099 Sesto San Giovanni (MI)
Tel: +39 02 24134.260
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e-mail: info@spread.it

Voce bibliografica Heald,2006 capitolo 06

6.Heald,2006 - Heald CL, Fowkes FGR, Murray GD, Price JF

Heald CL, Fowkes FGR, Murray GD, Price JF. Risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease associated with the ankle-brachial index: systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189: 61– 69.

Voce bibliografica Diehm,2009 capitolo 06

6.Diehm,2009 - Diehm C, Allenberg JR, Pittrow D, Mahn M, Tepohl G, Haberl RL, Dairus H, Dipl-Math IB, Trampisch HJ

Diehm C, Allenberg JR, Pittrow D, Mahn M, Tepohl G, Haberl RL, Dairus H, Dipl-Math IB, Trampisch HJ. Mortality and vascular morbidity in older adults with asymptomatic versus symptomatic peripheral artery disease. Circulation 2009; 120: 2053–2061.

Voce bibliografica Kotseva,2009 capitolo 6

6.Kotseva,2009 - Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Pyörälä K, Keil U

Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Pyörälä K, Keil U; EUROASPIRE Study Group. Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries. Lancet 2009;373(9667):929-40.

Voce bibliografica Wild,2006 capitolo 6

6.Wild,2006 - Wild SH, Byrne CD, Smith FB, Lee AJ, Fowkes FG.

Wild SH, Byrne CD, Smith FB, Lee AJ, Fowkes FG. Low ankle-brachial pressure index predicts increased risk of cardiovascular disease independent of the metabolic syndrome and conventional cardiovascular risk factors in the Edinburgh Artery Study. Diabet Care 2006; 29: 637–642.

Voce bibliografica Weimar,2007 capitolo 6

6.Weimar,2007 - Weimar C, Goertler M, Rother J et al.

Weimar C, Goertler M, Rother J et al. Systemic Risk Score Evaluation in Ischemic Stroke Patients (SCALA). a prospective cross sectional study in 85 German stroke units. J Neurol 2007; 254: 1562–1568.

Voce bibliografica VanWijk,2005 capitolo 6

6.VanWijk,2005 - Van Wijk I, Kappelle LJ, van Gijn J, Koudstaal PJ, Franke CL, Vermeulen M, Gorter JW, Algra A; LiLAC study group

Van Wijk I, Kappelle LJ, van Gijn J, Koudstaal PJ, Franke CL, Vermeulen M, Gorter JW, Algra A; LiLAC study group. Long-term survival and vascular event risk after transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke: a cohort study. Lancet 2005; 365: 2098–2094.

Voce bibliografica Terent,2004 capitolo 6

6.Terent,2004 - Terent A.

Terent A. Cerebrovascular mortality 10 years after stroke: a population-based study. Stroke 2004; 35: e343–e345.

Voce bibliografica Steg,2007 capitolo 6

6.Steg,2007 - Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PW, D'Agostino R Sr, Ohman EM, Röther J, Liau CS, Hirsch AT, Mas JL, Ikeda Y, Pencina MJ, Goto S; REACH Registry Investigators

Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PW, D'Agostino R Sr, Ohman EM, Röther J, Liau CS, Hirsch AT, Mas JL, Ikeda Y, Pencina MJ, Goto S; REACH Registry Investigators. One-year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA 2007; 297: 1197-1206.

Voce bibliografica Agnelli,2006 capitolo 6

6.Sen,2009 - Sen S, Lynch DR, Kaltsas E, Simmons J, Tan WA, Kim J, Beck J, Rosamond W.

Sen S, Lynch DR, Kaltsas E, Simmons J, Tan WA, Kim J, Beck J, Rosamond W. Association of asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease with vascular events in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke 2009; 40: 3472-3477

Voce bibliografica Agnelli,2006 capitolo 6

6. Heald,2006 - Heald CL, Fowkes FGR, Murray GD, Price JF.

Heald CL, Fowkes FGR, Murray GD, Price JF. Risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease associated with the ankle-brachial index: systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189: 61– 69.

Voce bibliografica Valham,2008 capitolo 6

6.Gongora-Rivera,2007 - Gongora-Rivera F, Labreuche J, Jaramillo A, Steg PG, Hauw JJ, Amarenco P

Gongora-Rivera F, Labreuche J, Jaramillo A, Steg PG, Hauw JJ, Amarenco P: Autopsy prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with fatal stroke. Stroke 2007; 38: 1203–1210.

Voce bibliografica Carolei,2006 capitolo 6

6.Carolei,2008 - Carolei A, Chamorro A, Laloux P, Leys D, Röther J, Sander D, Stansby G, Weimar C.

Carolei A, Chamorro A, Laloux P, Leys D, Röther J, Sander D, Stansby G, Weimar C. Identification and management of polyvascular disease in patients with noncardioembolic ischaemic stroke. Int J Stroke 2008; 3: 237-248.

Voce bibliografica Busch,2009 capitolo 6

6.Busch,2009 - Busch MA, Lutz K; Röhl J-E, Neuner B, Masuhr F.

Busch MA, Lutz K; Röhl J-E, Neuner B, Masuhr F. Low Ankle-Brachial Index predicts cardiovascular risk after acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke 2009; 40: 3700-3705.

Voce bibliografica Bhatt,2006 capitolo 6

6.Bhatt,2006 - Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Ohman EM et al.

Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Ohman EM et al. International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA 2006; 295: 180–189.

Voce bibliografica AnkleBrachialIndexCollaboration,2008 capitolo 6

6.AnkleBrachialIndexCollaboration,2008 - Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration

Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham risk score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008; 300: 197–208.

Voce bibliografica Agnelli,2006 capitolo 6

6.Agnelli,2006 - Agnelli G, Cimminiello C, Meneghetti G, Urbinati S.

Agnelli G, Cimminiello C, Meneghetti G, Urbinati S. Low ankle-brachial index predicts an adverse 1-year outcome after acute coronary and cerebrovascular events. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 2599–2606.

Adams RJ, Chimowitz MI, Alpert JS et al.

6.Adams,2003 - Adams RJ, Chimowitz MI, Alpert JS et al.

Adams RJ, Chimowitz MI, Alpert JS et al. Coronary risk evaluation in patients with transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Circulation 2003; 108: 1278–1290.

Voce bibliografica Valham,2008 capitolo 6

6.Valham,2008 - Valham F, Mooe T, Rabben T, Stenlund H, Wiklund U, Franklin KA.

Valham F, Mooe T, Rabben T, Stenlund H, Wiklund U, Franklin KA. Increased risk of stroke in patients with coronary artery disease and sleep apnea: a 10-year follow-up. Circulation 2008; 118: 955-960.

Voce bibliografica Somers,2008 capitolo 6

6.Somers,2008 - Somers VK, White DP, Amin R, Abraham WT, Costa F, Culebras A, Daniels S, Floras JS, Hunt CE, Olson LJ, Pickering TG, Russell R, Woo M, Young T; American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; American Heart Association Stroke Council; American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; American College of Cardiology Foundation

Somers VK, White DP, Amin R, Abraham WT, Costa F, Culebras A, Daniels S, Floras JS, Hunt CE, Olson LJ, Pickering TG, Russell R, Woo M, Young T; American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; American Heart Association Stroke Council; American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; American College of Cardiology Foundation. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: an American Heart Association/american College Of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council On Cardiovascular Nursing. In collaboration with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (National Institutes of Health). Circulation 2008; 118: 1080-1111.

Voce bibliografica ,Sahlin,2008 capitolo 6

6.Sahlin,2008 - Sahlin C, Sandberg O, Gustafson Y, Bucht G, Carlberg B, Stenlund H, Franklin KA.

Sahlin C, Sandberg O, Gustafson Y, Bucht G, Carlberg B, Stenlund H, Franklin KA. Obstructive sleep apnea is a risk factor for death in patients with stroke. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 297-301.

Voce bibliografica Schürks,2009 capitolo 6

6.Schürks,2009 - Schürks M, Rist PM, Bigal ME, Buring JE, Lipton RB, Kurth T.

Schürks M, Rist PM, Bigal ME, Buring JE, Lipton RB, Kurth T. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2009; 339: b3914.

Voce bibliografica Sacco,2010 capitolo 6

6.Sacco,2010 - Sacco S, Carolei A. Migraine

Sacco S, Carolei A. Migraine: an emerging cardiovascular risk factor. Cardiol Clin Practice 2010; 2: 1-13.

Voce bibliografica Sacco,2008 capitolo 6

6.Sacco,2008 - Sacco S, Cerone D, Carolei A.

Sacco S, Cerone D, Carolei A. Comorbid neuropathologies in migraine: an update on cerebrovascular and cardiovascular aspects. J Headache Pain 2008; 9: 237-248.

Voce bibliografica MacClellan,2007 capitolo 6

6.MacClellan,2007 - MacClellan LR, Giles W, Cole J, Wozniak M, Stern B, Mitchell BD, Kittner SJ

MacClellan LR, Giles W, Cole J, Wozniak M, Stern B, Mitchell BD, Kittner SJ. Probable migraine with visual aura and risk of ischemic stroke: The Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study. Stroke 2007; 38: 2438-2445.

Voce bibliografica Kurth,2009 capitolo 6

6.Kurth,2009 - Kurth T, Schürks M, Logroscino G, Buring JE.

Kurth T, Schürks M, Logroscino G, Buring JE. Migraine frequency and risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Neurology 2009; 73: 581-588

Voce bibliografica Kurth,2008 capitolo 6

6.Kurth,2008 - Kurth T, Schürks M, Logroscino G, Gaziano JM, Buring JE

Kurth T, Schürks M, Logroscino G, Gaziano JM, Buring JE. Migraine, vascular risk, and cardiovascular events in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008; 337: a636.

Voce bibliografica Kurth,2007 capitolo 6

6.Kurth,2007 - Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, Bubes V, Logroscino G, Diener HC, Buring JE.

Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, Bubes V, Logroscino G, Diener HC, Buring JE. Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in men. Arch Int Med 2007; 167: 795-801.

Voce bibliografica Kurth,2006 capitolo 6

6.Kurth,2006 - Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, Logroscino G, Diener HC, Buring JE.

Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, Logroscino G, Diener HC, Buring JE. Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women. JAMA 2006; 296: 283-291

Voce bibliografica Bigal,2009 capitolo 6

6.Bigal,2009 - Bigal ME, Kurth T, Hu H.

Bigal ME, Kurth T, Hu H. Migraine and cardiovascular disease. Possible mechanisms of interaction. Neurology 2009; 72: 1864-1871.

Voce bibliografica Russo,2009 capitolo 6

6.Russo,2009 - Russo C, Jin Z, Rundek T, Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR.

Russo C, Jin Z, Rundek T, Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR. Atherosclerotic disease of the proximal aorta and the risk of vascular events in a population-based cohort: the Aortic Plaques and Risk of Ischemic Stroke (APRIS) study. Stroke 2009; 40: 2313-2318.

Voce bibliografica Meissner,2004 capitolo 6

6.Meissner,2004 - Meissner I, Khandheria BK, Sheps SG, Schwartz GL, Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Covalt JL, Petterson TM, Christianson TJ, Agmon Y.

Meissner I, Khandheria BK, Sheps SG, Schwartz GL, Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Covalt JL, Petterson TM, Christianson TJ, Agmon Y. Atherosclerosis of the aorta: risk factor, risk marker, or innocent bystander? A prospective population-based transesophageal echocardiography study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1018-1024.

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Voce bibliografica Kronzon,2006 capitolo 6

6.Kronzon,2006 - Kronzon I, Tunick PA

Kronzon I, Tunick PA. Aortic atherosclerotic disease and stroke. Circulation 2006; 114: 63-75.

Voce bibliografica DiTullio,2009 capitolo 6

6.DiTullio,2009 - Di Tullio MR, Russo C, Jin Z, Sacco RL, Mohr JP, Homma S

Di Tullio MR, Russo C, Jin Z, Sacco RL, Mohr JP, Homma S; Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study Investigators. Aortic arch plaques and risk of recurrent stroke and death. Circulation 2009; 119: 2376-2382.

Voce bibliografica Cohen,1997 capitolo 6

6.Cohen,1997 - Cohen A, Tzourio C, Bertrand B, Chauvel C, Bousser MG, Amarenco P

Cohen A, Tzourio C, Bertrand B, Chauvel C, Bousser MG, Amarenco P. Aortic plaque morphology and vascular events: a follow-up study in patients with ischemic stroke. FAPS Investigators. French Study of Aortic Plaques in Stroke. Circulation 1997; 96: 3838-3841.

Voce bibliografica Webster,1988 capitolo 6

6.Webster,1988 - Webster MW, Chancellor AM, Smith HJ, Swift DL, Sharpe DN, Bass NM, Glasgow GL.

Webster MW, Chancellor AM, Smith HJ, Swift DL, Sharpe DN, Bass NM, Glasgow GL. Patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients. Lancet 1988; ii: 11-12.

Voce bibliografica Steiner,1998

6.Steiner,1998 - Steiner MM, Di Tullio MR, Rundek T, Gan R, Chen X, Liguori C, Brainin M, Homma S, Sacco RL.

Steiner MM, Di Tullio MR, Rundek T, Gan R, Chen X, Liguori C, Brainin M, Homma S, Sacco RL. Patent foramen ovale size and embolic brain imaging findings among patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke 1998; 29: 944-948.

Voce bibliografica Somody,2000 capitolo 6

6.Somody,2000 - Somody E, Albucher JF, Casteignau G, Prouteau N, Danielli A, Delay M, Chollet F, Puel J

Somody E, Albucher JF, Casteignau G, Prouteau N, Danielli A, Delay M, Chollet F, Puel J. Anomalies of the interatrial septum and latent atrial vulnerability in unexplained ischemic stroke in young adults. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2000; 93: 1495-1500.

Vce bibliografica Serena,1998

6.Serena,1998 - Serena J, Segura T, Perez-Ayuso MJ, Bassaganyas J, Molins A, Davalos A.

Serena J, Segura T, Perez-Ayuso MJ, Bassaganyas J, Molins A, Davalos A. The need to quantify right-to-left shunt in acute ischemic stroke: a case-control study. Stroke 1998; 29: 1322-1328.

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Voce bibliografica Schuchlenz,2000 capitolo 6

6.Schuchlenz,2000 - Schuchlenz HW, Weihs W, Horner S, Quehenberger F.

Schuchlenz HW, Weihs W, Horner S, Quehenberger F. The association between the diameter of a patent foramen ovale and the risk of embolic cerebrovascular events. Am J Med 2000; 109: 456-462.

Voce bibliografica RIce,1988 capitolo 2009

6.Rice,1988 - Rice MJ, McDonald RW, Reller MD

Rice MJ, McDonald RW, Reller MD. Fetal atrial septal aneurysm: a cause of fetal atrial arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12: 1292-1297.

Voce bibliografica Rajamani,2009 capitolo 6

6.Rajamani,2009 - Rajamani K; Chaturvedi S; Jin Z; Homma S; Brey RL, Tilley BC, Sacco RL; Thompson JLP; Mohr JP, Levine SR, on Behalf of the PICSS-APASS Investigators

Rajamani K; Chaturvedi S; Jin Z; Homma S; Brey RL, Tilley BC, Sacco RL; Thompson JLP; Mohr JP, Levine SR, on Behalf of the PICSS-APASS Investigators. Patent foramen ovale, cardiac valve thickening, and antiphospholipid antibodies as risk factors for subsequent vascular events. The PICSS-APASS Study. Stroke 2009; 40: 2337-2342.

Voce bibliografica Pearson,1991 capitolo 6

6.Pearson,1991 - Pearson AC, Nagelhout D, Castello R, Gomez CR, Labovitz AJ.

Pearson AC, Nagelhout D, Castello R, Gomez CR, Labovitz AJ. Atrial septal aneurysm and stroke: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18: 1223–1229.

Voce bibliografica Overell,2000 capitolo 6

6.Overell,2000 - Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR

Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke. A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology 2000; 55: 1172-1179.

Voce bibliografica Messé,2004

6.Messé,2004 - Messé SR, Silverman IE, Kizer JR, Homma S, Zahn C, Gronseth G, Kasner SE

Messé SR, Silverman IE, Kizer JR, Homma S, Zahn C, Gronseth G, Kasner SE. Practice Parameter: Recurrent stroke with patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2004; 62: 1042-1050.

Voce bibliografica Mattioli,2001 capitolo 6

6.Mattioli,2001 - Mattioli AV, Aquilina M, Oldani A, Longhini C, Mattioli G. Atrial

Mattioli AV, Aquilina M, Oldani A, Longhini C, Mattioli G. Atrial septal aneurysm as a cardioembolic source in adult patients with stroke and normal carotid arteries. A multicentre study. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 261–268.

Voce bibliografica Mas,2001

6.Mas,2001 - Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C, Zuber M, Cabanes L, Derumeaux G, Coste J.

Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C, Zuber M, Cabanes L, Derumeaux G, Coste J. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1740-1746.

Voce bibliografica Lechat,1988 capitolo 6

6.Lechat,1988 - Lechat P, Mas JL, Lascault G, Loron P, Theard M, Klimczac M, Drobinski G, Thomas D, Grosgogeat Y.

Lechat P, Mas JL, Lascault G, Loron P, Theard M, Klimczac M, Drobinski G, Thomas D, Grosgogeat Y. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1148–1152.

Voce bibliografica Kizer,2005

6.Kizer,2005 - Kizer JR, Devereux RB

Kizer JR, Devereux RB. Patent foramen ovale in young adults with unexplained stroke. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2361-2372.

Voce bibliografica Kerut,2001 capitolo 6

6.Kerut,2001 - Kerut EK, Norfleet WT, Plotnick GD, Giles TD

Kerut EK, Norfleet WT, Plotnick GD, Giles TD. Patent foramen ovale: a review of associated conditions and the impact of physiological size. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 613-623.

Voce bibliografica Homma,2002 capitolo 6

6.Homma,2002 - Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR, Sciacca RR, Mohr JP, for the PFO in Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) Investigators

Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR, Sciacca RR, Mohr JP, for the PFO in Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) Investigators. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale. Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study. Circulation 2002; 105: 2625-2631.

Voce bibliografica Homma,1994 capitolo 6

6.Homma,1994 - Homma S, Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Mihalatos D, Li Mandri G, Mohr JP

Homma S, Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Mihalatos D, Li Mandri G, Mohr JP. Characteristics of patent foramen ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke. A biplane transesophageal echocardiographic study. Stroke 1994; 25: 582-586.

Voce bibliografica Handke,2007 capitolo 6

6.Handke,2007 - Handke M, Harloff A, Olschewski M, Hetzel A, Geibel A.

Handke M, Harloff A, Olschewski M, Hetzel A, Geibel A. Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke in older patients. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2262-2268.

Voce bibliografica Hagen,1984 capitolo 6

6.Hagen,1984 - Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD

Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc 1984; 59: 17-20.

Voce bibliografica 06DiTullio,2003 capitolo 6

6.DiTullio,2007 - Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR, Jin Z, Homma S

Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR, Jin Z, Homma S. Patent foramen ovale and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 797-802.

Voce bibliografica DiTullio,1992 capitolo 6

6.DiTullio,1992 - Di Tullio M, Sacco RL, Gopal A, Mohr JP, Homma S.

Di Tullio M, Sacco RL, Gopal A, Mohr JP, Homma S. Patent foramen ovale as a risk factor for cryptogenic stroke. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 461-465.

Voce bibliografica DeCastro,2000 capitolo 6

6.DeCastro,2000 - De Castro S, Cartoni D, Fiorelli M, Rasura M, Anzini A, Zanette EM, Beccia M, Colonnese C, Fedele F, Fieschi C, Pandian NG

De Castro S, Cartoni D, Fiorelli M, Rasura M, Anzini A, Zanette EM, Beccia M, Colonnese C, Fedele F, Fieschi C, Pandian NG. Morphological and functional characteristics of patent foramen ovale and their embolic implications. Stroke 2000; 31: 2407-2413.

Voce bibliografica Cabanes,1993 capitolo 6

6.Cabanes,1993 - Cabanes L, Mas JL, Cohen A, Amarenco P, Cabanes PA, Oubary P, Chedru F, Guérin F, Bousser MG, de Recondo J.

Cabanes L, Mas JL, Cohen A, Amarenco P, Cabanes PA, Oubary P, Chedru F, Guérin F, Bousser MG, de Recondo J. Atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale as risk factors for cryptogenic stroke in patients less than 55 years of age. A study using transesophageal echocardiography. Stroke 1993; 24: 1865-1873.

Voce bibliografica Berthet,2000 capitolo 6

6.Berthet,2000 - Berthet K, Lavergne T, Cohen A, Guize L, Bousser MG, Le Heuzey JY, Amarenco P.

Berthet K, Lavergne T, Cohen A, Guize L, Bousser MG, Le Heuzey JY, Amarenco P. Significant association of atrial vulnerability with atrial septal abnormalities in young patients with ischemic stroke of unknown cause. Stroke 2000; 31: 398.

Voce bibliografica 06Anzola,2003 capitolo 6

6.Anzola,2003 - Anzola GP, Zavarize P, Morandi E, Rozzini L, Parrinello G.

Anzola GP, Zavarize P, Morandi E, Rozzini L, Parrinello G. Transcranial Doppler and risk of recurrence in patients with stroke and patent foramen ovale. Eur J Neurol 2003; 10: 129-135.

Voce bibliografica 06Almekhlafi,2009 capitolo 06

6.Almekhlafi,2009 - Almekhlafi MA, Wilton SB, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Lorenzetti DL, Hill MD

Almekhlafi MA, Wilton SB, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Lorenzetti DL, Hill MD. Recurrent cerebral ischemia in medically treated patent foramen ovale. A meta-analysis. Neurology 2009; 73: 89-97.

Voce bibliografica Agmon,1999 capitolo 6

6.Agmon,1999 - Agmon Y, Khandheria BK, Meissner I, Gentile F, Whisnant JP, Sicks JD, O'Fallon WM, Covalt JL, Wiebers DO, Seward JB.

Agmon Y, Khandheria BK, Meissner I, Gentile F, Whisnant JP, Sicks JD, O'Fallon WM, Covalt JL, Wiebers DO, Seward JB. Frequency of atrial septal aneurysms in patients with cerebral ischemic events. Circulation 1999; 99: 1942-1944.

Voce bibliografica Myint,2009 capitolo 6

6.Myint,2009 - Myint PK, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, Khaw KT.

Myint PK, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, Khaw KT. Combined effect of health behaviours and risk of first ever stroke in 20 040 men and women over 11 years’ follow-up in Norfolk cohort of European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC Norfolk): prospective population study. BMJ 2009; 338: b349.

Voce bibliografica Fung,2009 capitolo 6

6.Fung,2009 - Fung TT, Rexrode KM, Mantzoros CS, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB

Fung TT, Rexrode KM, Mantzoros CS, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Mediterranean Diet and Incidence of and Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in Women. Circulation 2009; 119: 1093-1100

Voce bibliografica Chiuve,2008 capitolo 6

6.Chiuve,2008 - Chiuve SE, Rexrode KM, Spiegelman D, Logroscino G, Manson JE, Rimm EB.

Chiuve SE, Rexrode KM, Spiegelman D, Logroscino G, Manson JE, Rimm EB. Primary prevention of stroke by healthy lifestyle. Circulation 2008; 118: 947–954.v

Voce bibliografica McGinn,2008 capitolo 6

6.McGinn,2008 - McGinn A, Kaplan RC, Verghese J, Rosenbaum DM, Psaty DM, Baird AE, Lynch JK, Wolf PA, Kooperberg C, Larson JC, Wassertheil-Smoller S.

McGinn A, Kaplan RC, Verghese J, Rosenbaum DM, Psaty DM, Baird AE, Lynch JK, Wolf PA, Kooperberg C, Larson JC, Wassertheil-Smoller S. Walking Speed and risk of incident ischemic stroke among postmenopausal women. Stroke 2008; 39; 1233-1239.

Voce bibliografica Hooker,2008 capitolo 6

6.Hooker,2008 - Hooker SP, Sui X, Colabianchi N, Vena J, Laditka J, LaMonte MJ, Blair SN

Hooker SP, Sui X, Colabianchi N, Vena J, Laditka J, LaMonte MJ, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a predictor of fatal and nonfatal stroke in asymptomatic women and men. Stroke 2008; 39; 2950-2957.

Voce bibliografica Suzuki,2009 capitolo 6

6.Suzuki,2009 - Suzuki K, Elkind MSV, Boden-Albala B, Jin Z, Berry G, Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Homma S

Suzuki K, Elkind MSV, Boden-Albala B, Jin Z, Berry G, Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Homma S. Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with better endothelial function: a cross sectional study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2009; 9: 8.

Voce bibliografica Sundell,2008 capitolo 6

6.Sundell,2008 - Sundell L, Salomaa V, Vartiainen E, Poikolainen K, Laatikainen T

Sundell L, Salomaa V, Vartiainen E, Poikolainen K, Laatikainen T. Increased stroke risk is related to a binge-drinking habit. Stroke 2008; 39: 3179-3184.

Voce bibliografica Wald,2002 capitolo 6

6.Wald,2002 - Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK

Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. BMJ 2002; 325; 1202-1206.

Voce bibliografica Saposnik,2009 capitolo 6

6.Saposnik,2009 - Saposnik G, Ray JG, Sheridan P, McQueen M, Lonn E

Saposnik G, Ray JG, Sheridan P, McQueen M, Lonn E; Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation 2 Investigators. Homocysteine-lowering therapy and stroke risk, severity, and disability: additional findings from the HOPE 2 trial. Stroke 2009; 40: 1365-1372.

Voce bibliografica Potter,2008 capitolo 6

6.Potter,2008 - Potter K, Hankey GJ, Green DJ, Eikelboom J, Jamrozik K, Arnolda LF.

Potter K, Hankey GJ, Green DJ, Eikelboom J, Jamrozik K, Arnolda LF. The effect of long-term homocysteine-lowering on carotid intima-media thickness and flow-mediated vasodilation in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2008; 8: 24.

Voce bibliografica Lewis,2005 capitolo 6

6.Lewis,2005 - Lewis SJ, Ebrahim S, Smith GD

Lewis SJ, Ebrahim S, Smith GD. Meta-analysis of MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism and coronary heart disease: does totality of evidence support causal role for homocysteine and preventive potential of folate? BMJ 2005; 331: 1053.

Voce bibliografica Hodis,2009 capitolo 6

6.Hodis,2009 - Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Dustin L, Mahrer PR, Azen SP, Detrano R, Selhub J, Alaupovic P, Liu CR, Liu CH, Hwang J, Wilcox AG, Selzer RH; BVAIT Research Group.

Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Dustin L, Mahrer PR, Azen SP, Detrano R, Selhub J, Alaupovic P, Liu CR, Liu CH, Hwang J, Wilcox AG, Selzer RH; BVAIT Research Group. High-dose B vitamin supplementation and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2009; 40: 730-736.

Voce bibliografica Thacker,2010 capitolo 6

6.Thacker,2010 - Thacker EL, Wiggins KL, Rice KM, Longstreth WT Jr, Bis JC, Dublin S, Smith NL, Heckbert SR, Psaty BM.

Thacker EL, Wiggins KL, Rice KM, Longstreth WT Jr, Bis JC, Dublin S, Smith NL, Heckbert SR, Psaty BM. Short-Term and Long-Term Risk of Incident Ischemic Stroke After Transient Ischemic Attack. Stroke 2010: 41: in press.

Voce bibliografica Rothwell,2007 capitolo 6

6.Rothwell,2007 - Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A, Marquardt L, Geraghty O, Redgrave JN, Lovelock CE, Binney LE, Bull LM, Cuthbertson FC, Welch SJ, Bosch S, Alexander FC, Silver LE, Gutnikov SA, Mehta Z

Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A, Marquardt L, Geraghty O, Redgrave JN, Lovelock CE, Binney LE, Bull LM, Cuthbertson FC, Welch SJ, Bosch S, Alexander FC, Silver LE, Gutnikov SA, Mehta Z; Early use of Existing Preventive Strategies for Stroke (EXPRESS) study. Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet 2007; 370: 1432-1442.

Voce bibliografica Purroy,2007 capitolo 6

6.Purroy,2007 - Purroy F, Montaner J, Molina CA, Delgado P, Ribo M, Alvarez-Sabín J.

Purroy F, Montaner J, Molina CA, Delgado P, Ribo M, Alvarez-Sabín J. Patterns and predictors of early risk of recurrence after transient ischemic attack with respect to etiologic subtypes. Stroke 2007; 38: 3225-3229.

Voce bibliografica 109 capitolo 6

6.109 - Ois A, Gomis M, Rodríguez-Campello A, Cuadrado-Godia E, Jiménez-Conde J, Pont-Sunyer C, Cuccurella G, Roquer J.

Ois A, Gomis M, Rodríguez-Campello A, Cuadrado-Godia E, Jiménez-Conde J, Pont-Sunyer C, Cuccurella G, Roquer J. Factors associated with a high risk of recurrence in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. Stroke 2008; 39: 1717-1721.

Voce bibliografica Ois,2008 capitolo 6

6.Ois,2008 - Ois A, Gomis M, Rodríguez-Campello A, Cuadrado-Godia E, Jiménez-Conde J, Pont-Sunyer C, Cuccurella G, Roquer J

Voce bibliografica Lavallée,2007 capitolo 6

6.Lavallée,2007 - Lavallée PC, Meseguer E, Abboud H, Cabrejo L, Olivot JM, Simon O, Mazighi M, Nifle C, Niclot P, Lapergue B, Klein IF, Brochet E, Steg PG, Lesèche G, Labreuche J, Touboul PJ, Amarenco P.

Lavallée PC, Meseguer E, Abboud H, Cabrejo L, Olivot JM, Simon O, Mazighi M, Nifle C, Niclot P, Lapergue B, Klein IF, Brochet E, Steg PG, Lesèche G, Labreuche J, Touboul PJ, Amarenco P. A transient ischaemic attack clinic with round-the-clock access (SOS-TIA): feasibility and effects. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 953-960.

Voce bibliografica Fothergill,2009 capitolo 6

6.Fothergill,2009 - Fothergill A, Christianson TJH, Brown RD, Rabinstein AA

Fothergill A, Christianson TJH, Brown RD, Rabinstein AA. Validation and refinement of the ABCD2 score. A population-based analysis. Stroke 2009; 40: 2669-2673.

Voce bibliografica Easton,2009 capitolo 6

6.Easton,2009 - Easton JD, Saver JL, Albers GW, Alberts MJ, Chaturvedi S, Feldmann E, Hatsukami TS, Higashida RT, Johnston SC, Kidwell CS, Lutsep HL, Miller E, Sacco RL; American Heart Association

Easton JD, Saver JL, Albers GW, Alberts MJ, Chaturvedi S, Feldmann E, Hatsukami TS, Higashida RT, Johnston SC, Kidwell CS, Lutsep HL, Miller E, Sacco RL; American Heart Association; American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke 2009; 40: 2276-2293.

Voce bibliografica Coutts,2005 capitolo 6

6.Coutts,2005 - Coutts SB, Simon JE, Eliasziw M, Sohn CH, Hill MD, Barber PA, Palumbo V, Kennedy J, Roy J, Gagnon A, Scott JN, Buchan AM, Demchuk AM.

Coutts SB, Simon JE, Eliasziw M, Sohn CH, Hill MD, Barber PA, Palumbo V, Kennedy J, Roy J, Gagnon A, Scott JN, Buchan AM, Demchuk AM. Triaging transient ischemic attack and minor stroke patients using acute magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 2005; 57: 848-854.

Voce bibliografica Calvet,2009 capitolo 6

6.Calvet,2009 - Calvet D, Touzé E, Oppenheim C, Turc G, Meder JF, Mas JL.

Calvet D, Touzé E, Oppenheim C, Turc G, Meder JF, Mas JL. DWI lesions and TIA etiology improve the prediction of stroke after TIA. Stroke 2009; 40: 187-192.

6.9 Indice Caviglia-Braccio e Paziente Polivascolare

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La misurazione dell’indice caviglia-braccio (ankle-brachial index [ABI]) rappresenta un metodo semplice e sensibile per individuare la presenza di un’arteriopatia ostruttiva periferica.

6.6.3 Genetica e ictus

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Fra i fattori di rischio emergenti un ruolo importante è giocato dalla genetica. Una storia familiare positiva per malattia cerebrovascolare è spesso considerata un fattore di rischio per ictus. Esistono tre tipi di studi di epidemiologia genetica volti a valutare l'associazione fra storia familiare e insorgenza di ictus: studi di popolazione, studi familiari e studi su gemelli.

6.5.14 Sindrome delle apnee ostruttive del sonno

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La sindrome della apnee ostruttive del sonno (OSAS) è un disturbo presente in circa il 4% della popolazione generale di media età, raggiungendo valori molto più elevati nella popolazione sopra i 60 anni (>20%).[294] L'OSAS è caratterizzata dalla presenza di episodi ripetitivi e periodici di ostruzione delle alte vie aeree in corso di sonno, che si accompagnano a desaturazioni di ossigeno e a variazioni continue della pressione arteriosa e della frequenza cardiaca.

6.5.13 Emicrania

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La relazione tra emicrania ed ictus (vedi anche § 17.3.13) è stata affrontata da diversi studi caso-controllo e da alcuni studi di coorte.

6.5.5 Placche dell'arco aortico

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Una delle possibili localizzazioni della malattia aterosclerotica è rappresentata dall’arco dell’aorta. I fattori che si associano alla presenza di placche dell’arco aortico sono l’età avanzata, la presenza di ipertensione arteriosa, ipercolesterolemia e fumo di sigaretta ma anche fattori di rischio vascolare emergenti quali iperomocisteinemia, aumento dei globuli bianchi e dei valori della proteina C reattiva [Kronzon,2006].

6.4.12 Dieta

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Una dieta lontana dalle caratteristiche del regime alimentare mediterraneo, cioè povera di frutta, verdura, cereali integrali e pesce, e ad elevato contenuto di sodio, è associata ad un incremento del rischio di ictus, in particolare di ictus ischemico.[Chiuve,2008]; [Fung,2009]; [Myint,2009] [11

6.4.10 Abuso di alcool

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L'abuso di alcool aumenta il rischio di ictus cerebrale.[11] I risultati di una recente metanalisi indicano che l'associazione tra consumo di alcool e ictus ischemico ha un andamento a , con apparente effetto protettivo per coloro che consumano meno di 24 g di alcool al giorno e un significativo aumento del rischio per consumi superiori ai 60 grammi giornalieri (RR 1,64; IC₉₅ 1,39-1,93).[158

6.4.8 Iperomocisteinemia

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I livelli plasmatici di omocisteina, che deriva dall'aminoacido essenziale metionina, sono influenzati da fattori genetici che regolano la sintesi di enzimi coinvolti nel suo metabolismo (cistationina b-sintetasi, 5-10 metilentetraidrofolato reduttasi) e dall'apporto dietetico di vitamina B₆, B₁₂ e acido folico.[129]

6.4.5 Attacchi ischemici transitori

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L'ictus ischemico è frequentemente preceduto da un attacco ischemico transitorio (TIA), che, pur non comportando disabilità, rappresenta un campanello d'allarme di rischio vascolare.[102, 103].

6.4.1.1 Principi generali

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L'ipertensione arteriosa è certamente tra i più importanti fattori di rischio modificabili [38 , 39, 40] oggi riconosciuto tale anche per le persone anziane, sia per la dimostrata correlazione tra valori pressori elevati e complicazioni cardiovascolari totali e cerebrovascolari in particolare,[

Voce bibliografica 60 capitolo 6

6 Fattori di rischio

6.60 - Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R; Prospective Studies Collaboration.

Lewingston S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903-1913.

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Voce bibliografica 33 capitolo 6

6 Fattori di rischio

6.33 - Saxena R, Koudstaal PJ.

Saxena R, Koudstaal PJ. Anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3.

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Voce bibliografica 337 capitolo 6

6 Fattori di rischio

6.337 - Wang TJ, Massaro JM, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Benjamin EJ. Wang TJ, Massaro JM, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Benjamin EJ. A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 2003; 290: 1049-1056.

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Voce bibliografica 338 capitolo 6

6 Fattori di rischio

6.338 - D'Agostino RB, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB. D'Agostino RB, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB. Stroke risk profile. Adjustment for antihypertensive medication: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1994; 25: 40-43.

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Voce bibliografica 320 capitolo 6

6 Fattori di rischio

6.320 - Gretarsdottir S, Sveinbjornsdottir S, Jonsson HH, Jakobsson F, Einarsdottir E, Agnarsson U, Shkolny D, Einarsson G, Gudjonsdottir HM, Valdimarsson EM, Einarsson OB, Thorgeirsson G, Hadzic R, Jonsdottir S, Reynisdottir ST, Bjarnadottir SM, Gudmundsdottir T, Gudlaugsdottir GJ, Gill R, Lindpaintner K, Sainz J, Hannesson HH, Sigurdsson GT, Frigge ML, Kong A, Gudnason V, Stefansson K, Gulcher JR. Gretarsdottir S, Sveinbjornsdottir S, Jonsson HH, Jakobsson F, Einarsdottir E, Agnarsson U, Shkolny D, Einarsson G, Gudjonsdottir HM, Valdimarsson EM, Einarsson OB, Thorgeirsson G, Hadzic R, Jonsdottir S, Reynisdottir ST, Bjarnadottir SM, Gudmundsdottir T, Gudlaugsdottir GJ, Gill R, Lindpaintner K, Sainz J, Hannesson HH, Sigurdsson GT, Frigge ML, Kong A, Gudnason V, Stefansson K, Gulcher JR. Localization of a susceptibility gene for common forms of stroke to 5q12. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 593-603.

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Voce bibliografica 321 capitolo 6

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6.321 - Hademenos GJ, Alberts MJ, Awad I, Mayberg M, Shepard T, Jagoda A, Latchaw RE, Todd HW, Viste K, Starke R, Girgus MS, Marler J, Emr M, Hart N. Hademenos GJ, Alberts MJ, Awad I, Mayberg M, Shepard T, Jagoda A, Latchaw RE, Todd HW, Viste K, Starke R, Girgus MS, Marler J, Emr M, Hart N. Advances in the genetics of cerebrovascular disease and stroke. Neurology 2001; 56: 997-1008.

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Voce bibliografica 323 capitolo 6

6 Fattori di rischio

6.323 - Lalouschek W, Schillinger M, Hsieh K, Endler G, Tentschert S, Lang W, Cheng S, Mannhalter C. Lalouschek W, Schillinger M, Hsieh K, Endler G, Tentschert S, Lang W, Cheng S, Mannhalter C. Matched case-control study on factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutation in patients with ischemic stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack up to the age of 60 years. Stroke 2005; 36: 1405-1409.

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