SPREAD

18.3 - Camilo O, Goldstein LB.   Camilo O, Goldstein LB. Seizures and epilepsy after ischemic stroke. Stroke 2004; 35: 1769-1975.

18.5 - Robinson RG.   Robinson RG. Poststroke depression: prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and disease progression. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54: 376-387.

18.7 - Larson SL, Owens PL, Ford D, Eaton W.   Larson SL, Owens PL, Ford D, Eaton W. Depressive disorder, dysthymia, and risk of stroke: thirteen-year follow-up from the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area study. Stroke 2001; 32: 1979-1983.

18.9 - Routledge FS, McFetridge-Durdle JA, Dean CR; Canadian Hypertension Society.   Routledge FS, McFetridge-Durdle JA, Dean CR. Night-time blood pressure patterns and target organ damage: a review. Can J Cardiol 2007; 23: 132-138.

18.11 - [No authors listed]   The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1349-1357.

18.13 - Waters DD, Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Zeiher A, Oliver MF, Ganz P, Ezekowitz M, Chaitman BR, Leslie SJ, Stern T; MIRACL Study Investigators.   Waters DD, Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Zeiher A. Effects of Atorvastatin on Stroke in Patients With Unstable Angina or Non-Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction: A Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Substudy. Circulation 2002; 106: 1690-1695.

18.15 - Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ, Thomason MJ, Mackness MI, Charlton-Menys V, Fuller JH; CARDS investigators.   Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 685-696.

18.17 - Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Gaw A, Hyland M, Jukema JW, Kamper AM, Macfarlane PW, Meinders AE, Norrie J, Packard CJ, Perry IJ, Stott DJ, Sweeney BJ, Twomey C, Westendorp RG; PROSPER study group.   Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Bollen MB, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Gaw A, Hyland M, Jukema JW, Kamper AM, Macfarlan PW, Meinders AE, Norrie J, Packard CJ, Perry IJ, Stott DJ, Sweene BJ, Twomey C, Westdorp RG. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 1623-1630.

18.19 - Soyama Y, Miura K, Morikawa Y, Nishijo M, Nakanishi Y, Naruse Y, Kagamimori S, Nakagawa H; Oyabe Study.   Soyama Y, Miura K, Morikawa Y, Nishijo M, Nakanishi Y, Naruse Y, Kagamimori S, Nakagawa H. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of stroke in Japanese men and women: The OYABE study. Stroke 2003; 34: 863-868.

18.21 - Lindenstrøm E, Boysen G, Nyboe J.   Lindenstrom E, Boysen G, Nyboe J. Influence of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides on risk of cerebrovascular disease: the Copenhagen city heart study. BMJ 1994; 309: 11-15.

18.23 - Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Ebrahim S.  Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Ebrahim S. HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and the risk of stroke in middle-aged british men. Stroke 2000; 31: 1882-1888.

18.25 - Pikija S, Milevcić D, Trkulja V, Kidemet-Piskac S, Pavlicek I, Sokol N.   Pikija S, Milevcic D, Trkulja V. Higher serum triglyceride level in patients with acute ischemic stroke is associated with lower infarct volume on CT brain scans. Eur Neurol 2006; 55: 89-92.

18.27 - [No authors listed]   Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352: 837-853.

18.29 - Undas A, Brozek J, Szczeklik A.   Undas A, Brozek J, Szczeklik A. Homocysteine and thrombosis: from basic science to clinical evidence. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94: 907-915.

18.31 - Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, Spence JD, Pettigrew LC, Howard VJ, Sides EG, Wang CH, Stampfer M.  Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, Spence JD, Pettigrew LC, Howard VJ, Sides EG, Wang CH, Stampfer M. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 565-575.

18.33 -   Editorial. Trials that matter: should we routinely measure homocysteine levels and “treat” mild hyperhomocysteinemia? Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 226-227.

18.35 - Lentz SR, Rodionov RN, Dayal S.   Lentz SR, Rodionov RN, Dayal S. Hyperhomocysteinemia, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular risk: the potential role of ADMA. Atheroscler Suppl 2003; 4: 61-65.

18.37 - Zsuga J, Török J, Magyar MT, Valikovics A, Gesztelyi R, Lenkei A, Csiba L, Kéki S, Zsuga M, Bereczki D.   Zsuga J, Török J, Magyar MT, Valikovics A, Gesztelyi R, Lenkei A, Csiba L, Kéki S, Zsuga M, Bereczki D. Dimethylarginines at the crossroad of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Metabolism 2007; 56: 394-399.

18.39 - Jahanshahi M.  Sharma P. Meta-analysis of the ACE gene in ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 68: 227-230.

18.41 - Rubattu S, Di Angelantonio E, Stanzione R, Zanda B, Evangelista A, Pirisi A, De Paolis P, Cota L, Brunetti E, Volpe M.   Rubattu S, Di Angelantonio E, Stanzione R, Zanda B. Gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the risk of ischemic stroke: a role of the A1166C/AT1 gene variant. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 2129-2134.

18.43 - Kato N, Ikeda K, Nabika T, Morita H, Sugiyama T, Gotoda T, Kurihara H, Kobayashi S, Yazaki Y, Yamori Y.  Kato N, Ikeda K, Nabika T, Morita H, Sugiyama T, Gotoda T, Kurihara H, Kobayashi S, Yazaki Y, Yamori Y. Evaluation of the atrial natriuretic pepdide gene in stroke. Atherosclerosis 2002; 163: 279-286.

18.45 - Cipollone F, Toniato E, Martinotti S, Fazia M, Iezzi A, Cuccurullo C, Pini B, Ursi S, Vitullo G, Averna M, Arca M, Montali A, Campagna F, Ucchino S, Spigonardo F, Taddei S, Virdis A, Ciabattoni G, Notarbartolo A, Cuccurullo F, Mezzetti A; Identification of New Elements of Plaque Stability (INES) Study Group.  Cipollone F, Toniato E, Martinotti S, Fazia M, Iezzi A, Cuccurullo C, Pini B, Ursi S, Vitullo G, Averna M, Arca M, Montali A, Campagna F, Ucchino S, Spigonardo F, Taddei S, Virdis A, Ciabattoni G, Notarbartolo A, Cuccurullo F, Mezzetti A; Identification of New Elements of Plaque Stability (INES) Study Group. JAMA 2004; 291: 2221-2228.

18.47 - Voetsch B, Jin RC, Bierl C, Benke KS, Kenet G, Simioni P, Ottaviano F, Damasceno BP, Annichino-Bizacchi JM, Handy DE, Loscalzo J.   Voetsch B, Jin RC, Bierl C. Promoter polymorphisms in the plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx-3) gene: a novel risk factor for arterial ischemic stroke among young adults and children. Stroke 2007; 38: 41-49.

18.49 - Howard TD, Giles WH, Xu J, Wozniak MA, Malarcher AM, Lange LA, Macko RF, Basehore MJ, Meyers DA, Cole JW, Kittner SJ.   Howard TD, Giles WH, Xu J, Wozniak MA, Malarcher AM. Promoter polymorphisms in the nitric oxide synthase 3 gene are associated with ischemic stroke susceptibility in young black women. Stroke 2005; 36: 1848-1851.

18.51 - Zee RY, Romero JR, Gould JL, Ricupero DA, Ridker PM.   Zee RY, Romero JR, Gould JL. Polymorphisms in the advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor gene and risk of incident myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. Stroke 2006; 37: 1686-1690.

18.53 - Woo D, Sauerbeck LR, Kissela BM, Khoury JC, Szaflarski JP, Gebel J, Shukla R, Pancioli AM, Jauch EC, Menon AG, Deka R, Carrozzella JA, Moomaw CJ, Fontaine RN, Broderick JP.  Woo D, Sauerbeck L, Kissela BM, Khoury JC, Szaflarski JP, Gebel J, Shukla R, Pancioli AM, Jauch EC, Menon AG, Deka R, Carrozzella JA, Moomaw CJ, Fontaine RN, Broderick JP. Genetic and environmental risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage. Preliminary results of a population-based study. Stroke 2002; 33: 1190-1196.

18.55 - Gretarsdottir S, Thorleifsson G, Reynisdottir ST, Manolescu A, Jonsdottir S, Jonsdottir T, Gudmundsdottir T, Bjarnadottir SM, Einarsson OB, Gudjonsdottir HM, Hawkins M, Gudmundsson G, Gudmundsdottir H, Andrason H, Gudmundsdottir AS, Sigurdardottir M, Chou TT, Nahmias J, Goss S, Sveinbjörnsdottir S, Valdimarsson EM, Jakobsson F, Agnarsson U, Gudnason V, Thorgeirsson G, Fingerle J, Gurney M, Gudbjartsson D, Frigge ML, Kong A, Stefansson K, Gulcher JR.   Gretarsdottir S, Thorleifsson G, Reynisdottir ST, Manolescu A, Jonsdottir S, Jonsdottir T, Gudmundsdottir T, Bjarnadottir SM, Einarsson OB, Gudjonsdottir HM, Hawkins M, Gudmundsson G, Gudmundsdottir H, Andrason H, Gudmundsdottir AS, Sigurdardottir M, Chou TT, Nahmias J, Goss S, Sveinbjörnsdottir S, Valdimarsson EM, Jakobsson F, Agnarsson U, Gudnason V, Thorgeirsson G, Fingerle J, Gurney M, Gudbjartsson D, Frigge ML, Kong A, Stefansson K, Gulcher JR. The gene encoding phosphodiesterase 4D confers risk of ischemic stroke. Nat Genet 2003; 35: 131-138.

18.57 - Carter ND.  Carter ND. Genetics of stroke. J Hum Hypertens 1997; 11: 553-554.

18.59 - Jood K, Ladenvall C, Rosengren A, Blomstrand C, Jern C.   Jood K,Ladenvall C, Rosengren A. Family history in ischemic stroke before 70 years of age: the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2005; 36: 1383-1387.

18.61 - Meschia JF, Case LD, Worrall BB, Brown RD Jr, Brott TG, Frankel M, Silliman S, Rich SS; Ischemic Stroke Genetics Study Group.   Meschia JF, Case LD, Worrall BB, Brown RD Jr. Family history of stroke and severity of neurologic deficit after stroke. Neurology 2006; 67: 1396-1402.

18.63 - Brey RL, Abbott RD, Curb JD, Sharp DS, Ross GW, Stallworth CL, Kittner SJ.   Brey RL, Abbott RD, Curb JD, Sharp DS, Ross GW, Stallworth CL, Kittner SJ. β2-Glycoprotein 1-dependent anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. The Honolulu Heart Program Stroke 2001 32: 1701-1706.

18.65 - Toschi V, Motta A, Castelli C, Paracchini ML, Zerbi D, Gibelli A.  Toschi V, Marta A, Castelli C, Paracchini ML, Zerbi D, Gibelli A. High prevalence of antiphosphatidylinositol antibodies in young patients with cerebral ischemia of undetermined cause. Stroke 1998; 29: 1759-1764.

18.67 -   Piette JC, Cacoub P. Antiphospholipid syndrome in the elderly: caution. Circulation 1998; 97: 2195-2196.

18.69 - Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, Wu L, Barad D, Barnabei VM, Ko M, LaCroix AZ, Margolis KL, Stefanick ML.   Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JAE, Wu LL, Barad D, Barnabei VM, Ko M, LaCroix AZ, Margolis KL, Stefanick ML. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007; 297: 1465-1479.

18.71 - Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Klatsky AL, Friedman GD.   Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Klatsky AL, Friedman GD. Cohort study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of first ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Neuroepidemiology 2004; 23: 38-44.

18.73 - Kiely DK, Wolf PA, Cupples LA, Beiser AS, Kannel WB.   Kiely DK, Wolf PA, Cupples LA, Beiser AS, Kannel WB. Physical activity and stroke risk: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 608-620. Published correction appears in Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 178.

18.75 - Manson JE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Krolewski AS, Rosner B, Arky RA, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH.   Manson JE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Krolewski AS, Rosner B, Arky RA, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 1141-1147.

18.77 - Sacco RL, Gan R, Boden-Albala B, Lin IF, Kargman DE, Hauser WA, Shea S, Paik MC.   Sacco RL, Gan R, Boden-Albala B, Lin IF, Kargman DE, Hauser WA, Shea S, Paik MC. Leisure-time physical activity and ischemic stroke risk: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke 1998; 29: 380-387.

18.79 - Lee IM, Hennekens CH, Berger K, Buring JE, Manson JE.  Lee I, Hennekens C, Berger K, Buring J, Manson J. Exercise and risk of stroke in male physicians. Stroke 1999; 30: 1-6.

18.81 - Myint PK, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Day NE, Khaw KT.   Myint PK, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Day NE, Khaw KT. Combined work and leisure physical activity and risk of stroke in men and women in the European prospective investigation into Cancer-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. Neuroepidemiology 2006; 27: 122-129.

18.83 - Bazzano LA, Gu D, Reynolds K, Wu X, Chen CS, Duan X, Chen J, Wildman RP, Klag MJ, He J.   Bazzano LA, Gu D, Reynolds K, Wu X, Chen CS, Duan X, Chen J, Wildman RP, Klag MJ, He J. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke among Chinese men. Ann Neurol 2007; 62: 569-578.

18.85 - Berger K, Ajani UA, Kase CS, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Glynn RJ, Hennekens CH.  Berger K, Ajani UA, Kase CS, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Glynn RJ, Hennekens CH. Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and risk of stroke among US male physicians. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1557-1564.

18.87 - Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, Kinney GL, Sathya B, He J.  Reynolds K, Lewis LB, Nolen JB. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2003; 289: 579-588.

18.89 - Hirvonen T, Virtamo J, Korhonen P, Albanes D, Pietinen P.   Hirvonen T, Virtamo J, Korhonen P, Albanes D, Pietinen P. Intake of flavonoids, carotenoids, Vitamins C and E, and risk of stroke in male smokers. Stroke 2000; 31: 2301-2306.

18.91 - Etminan M, Takkouche B, Isorna FC, Samii A. 

Etminan M, Takkouche B, Isorna FC, Samii A. Risk of ischaemic stroke in people with migraine: systematic review and meta-analysis of observation studies. BMJ 2005; 330: 63

18.93 - Vermeer SE, Den Heijer T, Koudstaal PJ, Oudkerk M, Hofman A, Breteler MM; Rotterdam Scan Study.  Vermeer SE, den Heijer T, Koudstaal PJ, Oudkerk M, Hofman A, Breteler MM; Rotterdam Scan Study. Incidence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study. Stroke 2003; 34: 392-396.

18.95 - Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, Hammersen F, Züchner C, Venneklaas U, Schrandt G, Schnieders M, Rangoonwala B, Berger J, Dominiak P, Zidek W; MARPLE Study Group.   Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A, Hammersen F, Zuchner C, Venneklaas U, Schrandt G, Schnieders M, Rangoonwala B, Berger J, Dominiak P, Zidek W. Microalbuminuria and tubular proteinuria as risk predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in essential hypertension: final results of a prospective long-term study (MARPLE Study). J Hypertens 2006; 24: 541-548.

18.97 - Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, Arnett DK, Smith R, Jones D.  Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, Arnett DK, Smith R, Jones D. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke. Stroke 2000; 31: 2307-2313.

18.99 - Rose KM, Eigenbrodt ML, Biga RL, Couper DJ, Light KC, Sharrett AR, Heiss G.   Rose KM, Eigenbrodt ML, Biga RL, Couper DJ, Light KC, Sharrett AR, Heiss G. Orthostatic hypotension predicts mortality in middle-aged adults. Circulation 2006; 114: 630-636.